Electric ant (Wasmannia auropunctata)

Apr 10, 2022 Interesting Creatures in Guyana, News

Interesting Creature…

Kaieteur News – The electric ant (Wasmannia auropunctata), also known as the little fire ant, is a small (approx 1.5 mm (1⁄16 in) long), light to golden brown (ginger) social ant native to Central and South America, now spread to parts of Africa (including Gabon and Cameroon), Taiwan, North America, Puerto Rico, Israel, Cuba, and six Pacific Island groups (including the Galápagos Islands, Hawaii, New Caledonia and the Solomon Islands) plus north-eastern Australia (Cairns).The name, electric ant (or little fire ant), derives from the ant’s painful sting relative to its size. This ant’s impact in those environments and countries outside of its place of origin has been described as follows:
Wasmannia auropunctata … is blamed for reducing species diversity, reducing overall abundance of flying and tree-dwelling insects, and eliminating arachnid populations. It is also known for its painful stings. On the Galápagos, it eats the hatchlings of tortoises and attacks the eyes and cloacae of the adult tortoises. It is considered to be perhaps the greatest ant species threat in the Pacific region.
Description
The ant is described as follows:
Wasmannia auropunctata workers are monomorphic, which means they display no physical differentiation… The ants are typically small to medium-sized, with the workers ranging from 1-2mm … [It] is light to golden brown in colour. The gaster is often darker. The pedicel, between the thorax and gaster, has two segments; the petiole and postpetiole. The petiole is “hatchet-like”, with a node that is almost rectangular in profile and higher than the postpetiole. The antennae have 11 segments, with the last two segments greatly enlarged into a distinct club. The antennal scape (the first segment) is received into a distinct groove (scrobe) that extends almost to the posterior border of the head. The thorax has long and sharp epinotal spines. The body is sparsely covered with long, erect hairs. This species is well-known for a painful sting, seemingly out of proportion to its size.
Reproduction
In Wasmannia auropunctata, queens produce more queens through parthenogenesis. Sterile workers usually are produced from eggs fertilised by males. In some of the eggs fertilised by males, however, the fertilisation can cause the female genetic material to be ablated from the zygote. In this way, males pass on only their genes to become fertile male offspring. This is the first recognised example of an animal species where both females and males can reproduce clonally resulting in a complete separation of male and female gene pools.
These ants get the benefits of both asexual and sexual reproduction – the daughters who can reproduce (the queens) have all of the mother’s genes, while the sterile workers whose physical strength and disease resistance are important are produced sexually.
Invasive species
The little fire ant has been unintentionally transported from its native range to Africa, North America, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Israel, Taiwan, and multiple Pacific Island groups. Invading ants cannot survive in global regions that have cold environments. But, little fire ants are found in Canada and England where they find refuge in large human infrastructure and greenhouses. Human disturbed landscapes – such as the practice of monocultures, and the deforestation of land – have caused an explosion in the little fire ant population in regions of Brazil and Colombia which have a prevalence of cocoa farms and sugarcane monocultures. In Colombia, research shows that high abundance little fire ant populations reduce other ant diversity in heavily deforested regions.
The little fire ant preys on native insects, causing a decline in population densities, and they can also attack small to medium-sized vertebrates if the ant colonies are disturbed. Throughout their invasive and native range, the little fire ant reduces native ant diversity when successfully colonised. These ants successfully outcompete the other ants because they exploit a multitude of resources other species need to survive, including honeydew residues, nectar and refuges in vegetation.
Pets and large domestic animals (such as cats and dogs) stung around the eyes by this ant are known to develop blindness. In the Galapagos Islands, the little fire ant is regarded as one of the most aggressive species introduced to this region. The ant has contributed to the decline in tortoise populations, as these ants eat the tortoise hatchlings and attacks the eyes of adult tortoises. Furthermore, large population declines of scorpions, spiders, and native ants can be directly attributed to the invasive ant.
When humans are encountered, these ants have a powerful sting in proportion to its size. The sting causes inch long welts that are itchy and painful. Some workers and farmers may have issues properly harvesting crops in high density little fire ant agricultural areas.
Research shows that the ant can strip nutrients from agricultural plants, which increases crop susceptibility to disease and other herbivorous insect pests. As a result of the ant’s presence in agricultural fields, crop yields diminish, and have a negative economic effect on any particular agricultural industry affected by the ant.
Control strategies
There are several proposed control and prevention strategies that have been taken to help minimise or eradicate the little fire ant. The Pacific Ant Prevention Program is a proposal that illustrates prevention methods within the islands located throughout the Pacific region in Polynesia (such as Hawaii and Futuna) for invasive ant species including the little fire ant. The programme was initiated to provide improved quarantine protocols for the Polynesian area, in addition to raising awareness of the possible impact of the little fire ant. In 1999, the Hawaiian State Department of Agriculture proposed a 100 percent inspection policy on all plant material exported from the state to check for the ant so that it cannot spread to other regions.
Generally, better agricultural land management – including the reduction of monocultures and lower crop production – can reduce little fire ant populations. In addition, proper land management plans can alleviate ant population spikes that occur in highly degraded areas. When first constructing an agricultural field, minimising landscape changes -such a deforestation- can prevent or reduce the population density of the little fire ant.
Chemicals and pesticides have been employed in smaller density ant populations in the Galapagos Islands. These little fire ant populations were no bigger than approximately 24 hectares. Other control methods such as non-selective ant poisons, fire and vegetation clearing have been successful on small ant populations and small islands. (Source: Wikipedia)